The Toyota J40 is the model designation for a Toyota Land Cruiser 40 series made of 1960 till 1984. Most 40 series Land Cruisers were built because two-door cars with somewhat greater dimensions than a Jeep CJ.

The model was accessible because the FJ40 series and BJ40/41/42, BJ43/44/46 or HJ45/47 designation where it had a Diesel engine. The Land Cruisers integrated Brazil from 1958 with 1962 received the series code FJ25 plus FJ25L however, are usually called FJ-251, plus inside 1961 because of a hot engine called 2F - to not be confounded with all the later 2F engine from 1975 - there nonetheless came out certain limited units with all the series code FJ-151L. With the model name changed with Bandeirante following 1961, those built from 1962 with 1993 - with Mercedes-Benz motors - received OJ50/55 series plus those built from 1994 with 2001 - with Toyota motors - BJ50/55 series model codes.
The Toyota F series engine had been a series of OHV inline-6-cylinder machines yielded by Toyota between 1955 plus 1992. These are generally recognized for their excellent amount of torque at low RPM, huge cast-iron blocks plus heads and their significant dependability. The F Engine had among the greatest creation runs of any Toyota engine. The F motors all incorporate overhead valves actuated by pushrods from a gear driven camshaft inside the lower part of the engine. The engine was initially introduced inside the Land Cruiser, plus inside countless nations, was truly the only motors available inside the Landcruiser till 1993. Although it's commonly badged because the Land Cruiser engine, it was employed inside a range of additional big truck applications too, like inside fire pickups as well as the Toyota FQ15 pickups. It was additionally chosen inside the Crown-based Japanese authorities patrol vehicles FH26 plus FS20-FS50.
In an overhead valve engine, the valves are located over the cylinder head of the engine. This was an improvement over the elder flathead engine, where the valves were located inside the block next with the piston. The more contemporary overhead camshaft machines, whilst nonetheless overhead valve by description, are classified aside from alternative OHV machines.

In a piston engine configuration where the valves are overhead nevertheless the camshaft is not, informally called pushrod engine or I-head engine, the camshaft is located in the cylinder block, plus utilizes pushrods or rods with actuate rocker arms above the cylinder head with actuate the valves. Lifters or tappets are found inside the engine block between your camshaft plus pushrods. By compare, overhead camshaft shape avoids the utilization of pushrods by placing the camshaft straight above the valved inside the cylinder head, therefore simplifying the valvetrain.

A manual transmission, sometimes known because a manual gearbox, stick shift, standard transmission, 4/5/6 speed or a manual, is kind of transmission utilized inside engine car applications. It uses a driver-operated clutch involved plus disengaged with a foot pedal or hand lever, for regulating torque transfer within the engine with the transmission; along with a gear selector operated by hand or by foot.

A traditional, 5 or 6-speed manual transmission is usually the standard equipment inside a base-model car; additional choices include automated transmissions like an automatic transmission, a semi-automatic transmission, or perhaps a constantly varying transmission.
Many contemporary manual-transmission cars are fitted with a synchronized gear box. Transmission gears are usually inside mesh plus rotating, however gears about 1 shaft will freely turn or be secured with the shaft. The locking system for a gear consists of the collar found on the shaft that is capable with slide sideways thus which teeth about its internal surface bridge 2 circular rings with teeth about their outer circumference: 1 connected with the gear, 1 with the shaft. When the rings are bridged by the collar, that gear is rotationally secured with the shaft plus determines the output speed of the transmission. The gearshift lever manipulates the collars utilizing a set of linkages, thus organized thus which 1 collar can be permitted with lock just 1 gear at any 1 time; whenever "shifting gears", the locking collar from 1 gear is disengaged before which of another is involved. One collar usually serves for 2 gears; sliding inside 1 way selects 1 transmission speed, inside the different way selects another.

In a synchromesh gearbox, with properly match the speed of the gear to this of the shaft because the gear is involved the collar initially applies a force with a cone-shaped brass clutch connected with the gear, that brings the speeds with match before the collar locking into region. The collar is prevented from bridging the locking rings whenever the speeds are mismatched by synchro rings. The synchro ring rotates somewhat due with the frictional torque within the cone clutch. In this position, the dog clutch is prevented from engaging. The brass clutch ring slowly causes components with angle at the same speed. Whenever they are doing angle the same speed, there is not any more torque within the cone clutch as well as the dog clutch is authorized with get into engagement. In a modern gearbox, the action of all these components is really smooth plus quick it happens to be barely observed.

The contemporary cone program was developed by Porsche plus introduced inside the 1952 Porsche 356; cone synchronisers were called Porsche-type for years following this. In the early 1950s, just the second-third shift was synchromesh inside many vehicles, requiring just a single synchro along with a easy linkage; drivers' manuals inside vehicles recommended which when the driver required with shift from 2nd with initially, it was ideal with come with a complete stop then shift into initially and begin up again. With continuing sophistication of mechanical development, completely synchromesh transmissions with 3 speeds, then 4, plus then five, became universal by the 1980s. Many contemporary guide transmission vehicles, particularly sports vehicles, today provide six speeds. The 2012 Porsche 911 provides a seven-speed guide transmission, with all the seventh gear intended for cruising- top speed being achieved about sixth.

Reverse gear is commonly not synchromesh, because there is just 1 reverse gear inside the usual automotive transmission plus changing gears into reverse when moving is not needed - plus frequently very undesirable, very at excellent forward speed. Additionally, the normal system of providing reverse, with an idler gear sliding into area with bridge what might otherwise be 2 mismatched forward gears, is always synonymous with the procedure of the crash box. Among the vehicles which have synchromesh inside reverse are the 1995-2000 Ford Contour plus Mercury Mystique, '00-'05 Chevrolet Cavalier, Mercedes 190 2.3-16, the V6 prepared Alfa Romeo GTV/Spider, certain Chrysler, Jeep, plus GM goods that utilize the New Venture NV3500 plus NV3550 units, the European Ford Sierra plus Granada/Scorpio built with the MT75 gearbox, the Volvo 850, plus all Lamborghinis, Hondas plus BMWs.
The 70 Series is a family of Toyota Land Cruiser models yielded from 1984 till the modern. It changed the 25-year-old 40 Series because the off-road workhorse of the Land Cruiser history, when the 60 Series developed into more comfortable passenger off-road cars. Despite main changes inside styling plus many technological updates, the 70 Series was crafted with retain the off-road features plus toughness for that the 40 Series had become recognized. The 70 Series was advertised throughout the globe, except for nations like the USA, Canada, Mexico, Brazil plus Korea.
1984–1999: The 70 / 75 series Toyota Land Cruiser took over within the 40 / 45 series of workhorse four-wheel forces inside 1984. The styling maintained a family resemblance with the 40 / 45 series however, became more angular. The 70 / 71 series was the short-wheelbase, the 73 / 74 was the medium-wheelbase as well as the 75 / 77 was the long-wheelbase. The latter came because cab-chassis/utility with a "panelled" tray, plus "troop carrier" hard-top. Toyota equally produced lighter duty versions which shared the 70 Series designation from 1985 with 1996, plus were advertised inside numerous components of the globe because the Bundera, the Prado, or the Land Cruiser II. Of these, the Prado name stuck, plus every modification took it further from its 70 Series origins. Starting inside 1997 the Prado was termed as the 90 Series, plus had become a light-duty passenger 4x4 without connection with the 70 Series.

1999: The pick-up adaptation was designated the 79 series, the Troop Carrier became the 78 series, as well as the short-wheelbase variation was phased out inside many markets. The principal mechanical changes were: coil sprung live front axle; longer back leaf springs; 5-bolt wheels rather of 6-bolt wheels; redesigned steering wheel; redesigned front indicators; plus, inside the cab-chassis, a longer wheelbase, that improved the back storage ability.


2007: The facelifted 70 Series started creation inside January for marketplace launch inside late February / early March 2007. Changes include substantial modifications with the front end shape, eliminating the trademark flat fenders showcased about all commercial Land Cruiser series' because the FJ40. This change and a wider front axle/track plus wider chassis were necessary with enable fitment of the modern Euro-4 compliant four.5L V8 turbo diesel, the 1VD-FTV. This engine was initially really for the Australian marketplace, where it was truly the only engine accessible. Africa plus different markets continued with straight-6 petrol plus 1HZ diesel machines. In purchase with fill the hole left by the removal of lower-specification models inside the 100-series plus 200-series ranges, a 4-door wagon variant was introduced alongside the long-running cab-chassis plus Troop Carrier bodies. For the very first time a high GXL specification level was equally introduced inside several markets for the cab-chassis plus wagon variants. This specification level added many extra comfort plus protection qualities not earlier watched about commercial series Land Cruisers.


2009:Venezuela's President Hugo Chávez threatened with expropriate Toyota's vegetation because nation when Toyota plus additional auto machines refused with share their technologies with nearby companies plus meet certain quotas. The 70 series Land Cruiser is utilized throughout Venezuela for the transportation community, the authorities, as well as the National Guard of Venezuela.

2012: Toyota introduced a double-cabin HZJ79 pickup body kind, combining the longer 3180 mm wheelbase of the past two-door pickup with all the 4 doorways plus single, 130-litre gas tank of the wagon body kinds.
Square-bodied Land Cruiser utility 4x4. Two or 4 doorways with steel doorways plus top, slanted windshield. The front-clip styling remains much that way of the 40 Series. The grille is mesh or will comprise of 3 horizontal bars.

Both have 3 more horizontal slots inside a single line beneath the grille. Front turn data are square with triangular white lens ingredients under, plus are affixed with the vertical edge of the front clip above the fenders plus only outboard of every headlight. The top is difficult or soft. The doorways are difficult, with roll-up windows. Taillights are lengthy, vertical rectangles inset low into the back bodywork. Rear doorways are paired swing-out 'barn doors'. Windshields of several military versions usually fold atop bonnet. Available inside several types, including a four-door semi-long, a pickup, plus long-wheelbase utility wagon.

With the exception of the some light-duty models which evolved into the Prado, all 70 Series Land Cruisers have strong leaf-sprung back axles. Solid front axles were leaf-sprung till 1998, whenever Toyota decided inside prefer of the coil spring front suspension with leading arms, along with a somewhat lighter front axle. Additionally beginning inside 1999 the back leaf springs were extended with let for better wheel travel plus improved ride comfort.

Many 70 Series Land Cruisers employ inline six-cylinder motors. The exception is the V8 diesel 1VD-FTV engine introduced inside certain markets inside 2007. Regardless of the engine, a 5-speed guide transmission provides energy with a part-time four-wheel-drive transfer case with excellent plus low range. The strong front axles are a full-floating shape with manual locking hubs. The strong back axles are obtainable in semi-floating plus full-floating variations. Selectable locking differentials are factory choices inside several markets.

Basic comfort qualities like air-conditioning plus radio are accessible, nevertheless the 70 Series lacks most processed plus deluxe highlights of the higher priced passenger Land Cruisers.
The suspension, inside plus simple design of these models are almost identical with the more well-known longer wheelbase 75 series Land Cruisers, yet the frame plus body is a lot smaller. This enables the Land Cruiser with be more nimble off road. This model was common because a individual off road transport, nevertheless considering the Land Cruiser was advertised virtually only because a commercial plus government car plus considering these were not available inside the biggest car marketplace inside the planet, the US, limited were built, compared with different Land Cruiser models.

But, these models were available all over the planet inside the 1980s plus early 1990s. They is found inside Japan, Asia, Africa, Switzerland, the Middle East, New Zealand plus South America. The short-wheelbase models are not very because usual inside Australia, even so they are popular inside the homeland of Japan, where compactness plus durable 4X4 are a welcome combination; they are additionally chosen by the Syrian state. Today, few short-wheelbase 70 series are available new—some continue to be inside manufacturing now inside certain select South American nations plus remains being yielded by Toyota Car Body at the Yoshiwara Plant inside Toyota City.

The 70 series was just available inside tiny numbers inside the North American marketplace. For 1984–1986, the BJ70 was available inside tiny numbers inside Canada. All were identically prepared, apart from inside, plus outdoor color. The just different variation was, inside 1985 they had a 12-volt electronic program. In 1985, Toyota opted for a 24-volt program. The HZJ79 cab plus chassis remains obtainable in Canada, though inside especially limited quantities. Further restrictions are which they are just accessible with the mining industry, plus just from 1 Toyota dealer inside Saskatchewan. The 70 series wasn't available inside the US.

Like alternative transmissions, a guide transmission has many shafts with different gears plus different components connected for them. Typically, a rear-wheel-drive transmission has 3 shafts: an input shaft, a countershaft plus an output shaft. The countershaft is occasionally called a layshaft.

In a rear-wheel-drive transmission, the input plus output shaft lay over the same line, plus will truth be told be combined into a single shaft in the transmission. This single shaft is known as a mainshaft. The input plus output ends of the combined shaft turn independently, at different speeds, that is potential considering 1 part slides into a hollow bore inside the alternative part, where it's supported with a bearing. Sometimes the expression mainshaft pertains with really the input shaft or simply the output shaft, instead of the whole assembly.

In numerous transmissions the input plus output components of the mainshaft is secured together with create a 1:1 gear ratio, causing the energy flow with bypass the countershaft. The mainshaft then behaves like a single, strong shaft: a condition called direct drive.

Even inside transmissions which never feature direct drive, it's a benefit for the input plus output with lay over the same line, considering this reduces the amount of torsion which the transmission case has with bear.

Under 1 potential shape, the transmission's input shaft has only 1 pinion gear, that forces the countershaft. Along the countershaft are installed gears of different models, that turn whenever the input shaft rotates. These gears correspond with the forward speeds plus reverse. Every of the forward gears found on the countershaft is forever meshed with a related gear found on the output shaft. But, these driven gears are not rigidly connected with the output shaft: though the shaft runs by them, they angle independently of it, that is prepared potential by bearings inside their hubs. Reverse is usually implemented differently; see the section about Reverse.

Many front-wheel-drive transmissions for transverse engine mounting are made differently. For something, they have an key final drive plus differential. For another, they often have just 2 shafts; input plus countershaft, often called input plus output. The input shaft runs the entire size of the gearbox, plus there is not any separate input pinion. At the finish of the next shaft is a pinion gear which mates with all the ring gear found on the differential.

Front-wheel plus rear-wheel-drive transmissions work similarly. Whenever the transmission is submit neutral as well as the clutch is disengaged, the input shaft, clutch drive plus countershaft will continue with turn below their own inertia. In this state, the engine, the input shaft plus clutch, as well as the output shaft all turn independently.
Until the mid-1950s vehicles were mostly loaded with 3-speed transmissions because standard equipment. 4-speed units started with appear about volume-production models inside the 1930s plus 1950s plus gained recognition inside the 1960s; certain exotics had 5-speeds. In the 1970s, because gas costs rose plus gas economy became an significant marketing feature, 4-speed transmissions with an overdrive 4th gear or 5-speeds were available inside mass marketplace vehicles plus even compact pickup pickups, pioneered by Toyota. 6-speed transmissions began with emerge inside high-performance cars inside the early 1990s. 7-speed transmissions appeared about extreme high-end supercars, like the 2005 Bugatti Veyron. In 2012, the Porsche 911 showcased a 7-speed guide transmission, becoming the initially of its class with help this feature, paving the technique for the 2014 Chevrolet Corvette Stingray.

Today, mass marketplace automotive guide transmissions are most at smallest 5-speed. 4-speed guide transmission had fallen into virtually total disuse by the finish of the 1980s, having slowly become less normal about vehicles throughout the 1980s. By the early 1990s, it was usually just found about vehicles with motors of about 1.0 litres. Recently Porsche announced the next-generation 911 is accessible with a 7-speed guide transmission, the initially of its type for a usual vehicle with all the initially six gear ratios the same because the 6-speed gearbox as well as the 7th gear being of the high ratio. In 2013, the fresh 2014 Chevrolet Corvette Stingray might equally feature a 7-speed guide transmission.

It has been generally expected which for electrical cars, clutches plus multi-speed gearboxes wouldn't be needed, because electrical motors may drive the car both forward plus reverse from zero speed plus usually work over a wider speed range than combustion motors. Elimination of the gearbox represents a substantial reduction inside powertrain fat plus complexity, and removes a notable source of parasitic losses. The most of first-generation customer EVs have consequently been single-speed. But, active styles indicate which multi-speed gearboxes are probably with return for several future EVs. This enables the utilization of small, lower torque motors running at high speeds with achieve both better torque at the wheels for low speed tractive effort, plus high top road speed. Modest efficiency gains are additionally potential by reducing the proportion of the time which the engine work at low speeds where efficiency is reduced. The wider speed range of motors signifies which the quantity of ratios needed is lower than for combustion engine cars, with 2 with 4 speed designs emerging because the maximum depending about application.