Renault S.A. is a French multinational car maker established inside 1899. The business produces a range of vehicles plus vans, plus inside the past, pickups, tractors, tanks, buses/coaches plus autorail cars. In 2011, Renault was the 3rd largest European automaker by manufacturing behind Volkswagen Group plus PSA as well as the ninth largest automaker by creation inside the globe.
Headquartered inside Boulogne-Billancourt, Renault owns the Romanian producer Automobile Dacia as well as the Korean Renault Samsung Motors. Renault equally owns subsidiaries RCI Banque, Renault Retail Group plus Motrio. Renault Trucks, earlier Renault Vehicules Industriels, has been element of Volvo Trucks because 2001. Renault Agriculture became 100% owned by German agricultural equipment producer CLAAS inside 2008. Carlos Ghosn is the present chairman plus CEO as well as the French government owns a 15 percent share of Renault.
As element of the Renault-Nissan Alliance, the firm is the fourth-largest automotive group. Together Renault plus Nissan are undertaking immense electrical vehicle development, investing €4 billion inside 8 electrical cars over 3 with 4 years from 2011.
The company's core marketplace is Europe. The firm is acknowledged for the character inside engine sport, as well as its achievement over time inside rallying plus Formula 1.

The company's compact plus affordable Renault 5 model, introduced inside 1972, was another achievement, especially inside the wake of the 1973 vitality crisis. After, the four-door Renault 12 model slotted into the Renault range between your Renault 6 plus Renault 16, plus introduced a brand-new styling theme. Throughout the 1970s the R4, R5, R6, R12, R15, R16 plus R17 maintained Renault's manufacturing with further fresh models established including the Renault 18 plus Renault 20.
Endangered like the engine industry by the stamina crisis, throughout the mid seventies the absolutely expansive business diversified further into alternative industries plus continued with expand internationally, including into South East Asia. The stamina crisis additionally provoked Renault's attempt with reconquer the North American market; inspite of the Dauphine's achievement inside the United States inside the late 1950s, plus an unsuccessful car-assembly project inside Saint-Bruno-de-Montarville, Quebec,, Renault because a stand-alone brand, started with disappear from North America at the finish of the '70s.
Throughout the years Renault developed a collaborative partnership with Nash Motors Rambler as well as its successor American Motors Corporation. From 1962 with 1967, Renault assembled complete knock down kits of the Rambler Classic sedans inside its factory inside Belgium. Renault didn't have big or deluxe vehicles inside its product line as well as the "Rambler Renault" will be aimed because an alternative with the Mercedes-Benz "Fintail" vehicles. Later, Renault might continue with create plus market a crossbreed of AMC's Rambler American plus Rambler Classic called the Renault Torino inside Argentina. Renault partnered with AMC about additional projects, like development of the rotary concept engine inside the late 60s.


Renault 5 Turbo
This was 1 of the series of collaborative ventures performed by Renault inside the late 1960s plus 1970s, because the firm established subsidiaries inside Eastern Europe, many notably Dacia inside Romania, plus South America plus forged technological cooperation agreements with Volvo plus Peugeot.
In the mid-1960s an Australian arm, Renault Australia, was set up inside Heidelberg, Melbourne, the business might provide plus assemble models within the R8, R10, R12, R16, stylish R15, R17 coupe's with the R18 plus R20, shortly the firm might close inside 1981. Renault Australia didn't only focus about Renaults, they additionally built plus advertised Peugeots too. From 1977, they assembled Ford Cortina station wagons beneath contract- the reduction of the contract led with the closure of the factory.


1974 Renault 15 coupe
In 1975, Renault bought from Citroën the truck plus bus producer Berliet, merging it with its subsidiary Saviem inside 1978 with create Renault Véhicules Industriels, that became truly the only French maker of thick commercial cars.
In North America, Renault created a partnership with American Motors, lending AMC running capital plus getting a minority 22.5% stake inside the firm inside late 1979. The initially Renault model available from AMC's dealerships was the R5, renamed Renault Le Car. Jeep was keeping AMC afloat till fresh goods, especially the XJ Cherokee, can be introduced. Whenever the bottom fell from the 4×4 truck marketplace inside early 1980 AMC was inside risk of going bankrupt. To safeguard its investment, Renault bailed AMC out with a big cash influx – at the cost of the controlling interest inside the organization of 47.5%. Renault promptly changed certain top AMC professionals with their own persons.
The Renault–AMC partnership additionally lead to the advertising of Jeep cars inside Europe. Many consider the Jeep XJ Cherokee because a joint AMC/Renault project because certain early sketches of the XJ series were prepared inside collaboration by Renault plus AMC technicians. The Jeep moreover chosen wheels plus seats from Renault. Part of AMC's total approach whenever the partnership was initial discussed was with protect production expense by utilizing Renault sourced components whenever useful, plus certain technology expertise. This led with the improvement of the venerable AMC in-line six – a Renault/Bendix based port electronic gas injection program which changed it into a contemporary, competitive powerplant with a jump from 110 hp with 177 hp with less displacement.
The Renault-AMC advertising effort inside passenger vehicles wasn't because lucrative compared with the recognition for Jeep cars. This was because by the time the Renault range was prepared with become established inside the American marketplace, the 2nd stamina crisis was over, taking with it much of the trend for affordable, compact vehicles. One exception was the Renault Alliance, that debuted for the 1983 model year. Assembled at AMC's plant inside Kenosha, Wisconsin, the Alliance received Motor Trend's domestic Car of The Year honor inside 1983. The Alliance's 72% U.S. content authorized it with qualify because a domestic car, generating it the initially vehicle with a foreign nameplate with win the honor because the magazine established a separate Import Car of The Year prize inside 1976.
Renault available several interesting models inside the U.S. inside the 1980s, incredibly the simple-looking nevertheless fun Renault Alliance GTA plus GTA convertible – an automatic-top convertible with a 2.0 L engine – big for a auto of its class; as well as the ahead-of-its-time Renault Fuego coupe. The Alliance was followed by the Encore, an Alliance-based hatchback. In 1982 Renault become the 2nd European automaker with build vehicles inside the United States, following Volkswagen. But, Renault's Wisconsin-built plus imported models rapidly became the target of customer complaints for bad standard, plus sales plummeted.
Eventually, Renault available AMC with Chrysler inside 1987 following the assassination of Renault’s chairman, Georges Besse. The Renault Medallion sedan plus wagon was available from 1987 with 1989 by Jeep-Eagle dealerships. Jeep-Eagle was the new division Chrysler built from the past American Motors. But, Renault items were no longer imported into the United States following 1989. A completely new full-sized 4-door sedan, the Eagle Premier, was developed throughout the partnership between AMC plus Renault. The Premier shape, in addition to its state-of-the-art production center inside Bramalea, Ontario, Canada, were the beginning point for the sleek LH sedans including the Eagle Vision plus Chrysler 300M.
In early 1979, because piece of its tries with expand into the American marketplace, Renault purchased a 20% minority stake inside the truck maker Mack Trucks. The aim of the procedure was with use the extensive delearship network of the business with distribute light pickups. In 1983, Renault improved its stake inside Mack Trucks with 44.6%. In 1987, it moved the ownership of the 42% stake with Renault Véhicules Industriels.
In the late seventies plus early eighties Renault improved its participation inside motorsport, with novel inventions including turbochargers inside their Formula One vehicles. The company's road auto designs were revolutionary equally – the Renault Espace was among the initial minivans plus was with stay the many well-known minivan inside Europe for at minimum the upcoming 2 years. The second-generation Renault 5, the European Car of the Year-winning Renault 9, as well as the many luxurious Renault yet, the 25 were all introduced inside the early 1980s, building Renault's standing, yet simultaneously the organization suffered from bad product standard that reflected severely inside the image of the brand as well as the ill-fated Renault 14 is enjoyed by numerous because the culmination of these difficulties inside the early 1980s.

The Renault Mégane is a little family auto yielded by the French automaker Renault because 1995. It is available inside 3- plus 5-door hatchback, saloon, coupé, convertible plus property bodystyles. The Renault Scénic is the initial contemporary compact MPV with be integrated Europe, plus is based found on the Mégane floorpan.

The Mégane I was unveiled inside the autumn of 1995, because a substitution of the Renault 19. The auto was basically a reskin of its predecessor, plus carried over the 19's floorpan, machines, transmissions plus chassis shape, albeit with much modification. Taking its name from a Renault concept vehicle shown inside 1988, the Mégane further developed the fresh business styling theme introduced by Patrick Le Quément found on the Laguna, many notably the "bird-beak" front grille – a styling cue lent within the Renault 16 of the 1960s. As with all the 19 as well as the 11 before it, the Mégane was yielded inside Renault's Douai plant inside northern France, plus inside the Spanish plant of Palencia.
Safety became a key focus of the Megane I, Renault's initial auto reflecting their unique focus of marketing about protection. It showcased a pillar-mounted 3-point seatbelt for the middle-rear resident, standard front belt pre-tensioners plus weight limiters, driver's airbag plus an impressive protection structure – a specification before many rivals inside 1995. Many attributes, including the 3-point center belt, had debuted found on the Renault 19 protection concept car. The auto equally benefited from Renault's initially "System for Restraint plus Protection", basically a program of thoughtful optimisation of resident restraint by interaction of the seat, seatbelt, pretensioner, weight limiter plus airbag. Megane I attained a best-in-class 4-star crash test rating inside the 1998 round of testing by Euro NCAP.
1996 saw the introduction of the Mégane Scénic compact MPV.
Power came within the Renault E-type engine inside 1.4 L, 1.6 L, 1.8 L, as well as the F-type device inside both 1.9 L diesel plus 2.0 L petrol shape, though this time about there was clearly a wider range of 16-valve derivatives. A 1.9 L diesel engine inside both usually aspirated plus turbocharged types was additionally accessible.
Renault additionally yielded a limited quantity of Renault sport edition stage 1's with all the Renaultsport bodywork; still, these were really uncommon. The Renaultsport kit was accessible with buy for a brief time direct from Renault France, however has today been discontinued, therefore their value has improved. The trim specification degrees were: RN, RT plus RXE.

During the 1990s Renault Sport developed a rally auto extracted to satisfy 2 liters laws for a Kit Car. The Maxi Megane officially represented the brand inside France Championship rallies inside 1996 plus 1997 with motorists Philippe Bugalski, Jean Ragnotti or Serge Jordan . After treatment of the official team, several private pilots continued with utilize this auto. It was moreover employed inside the FIA 2-Litre World Rally Cup, that Renault claimed inside 1999.

The Mégane II was established inside September 2002, plus marked a completely fresh begin. The 2 vehicles bear especially small resemblance, the new car having been inspired by the manufacturer's fresh shape code initially watched inside the Avantime. The modern Mégane was voted European Car of the Year for 2003, fighting off stiff competition from Japan's Mazda 6 plus PSA's Citroën C3, plus accomplished a 5-star protection rating inside the EuroNCAP crash tests, the initial tiny family vehicle with do thus.
Mégane II as well as the Laguna were both showcases for a lot of innovative technologies Renault established at the beginning of the 2000s; the Renault Card keyless ignition program, standard found on the Mégane II, had been a initial inside this class plus has because been commonly adopted. Similarly, the possibility of the panoramic glass sunroof is another region inside that Renault led where others followed.


Renault Mégane CC
In Brazil, Renault introduced a flex-fuel variation, called "Hi-Flex", that is capable with run either with unleaded gasoline or ethanol. Like the Brazilian Scénic plus Clio versions, the Mégane's engine may function with any blend of gasoline plus ethanol, due with the utilization of a electronic control component. The flex adaptation has a 16V 109 hp with ethanol) 1.6-litre inline-four engine developed plus yielded inside Brazil, however, the 2.0-litre adaptation refuses to enable ethanol utilize, considering its engine is created inside France.
As with all the past Mégane, the range of models is wide; there is a 3 plus five door hatchback accessible, called "Sport Hatch" plus "Hatch" respectively, there is a 4-door saloon/sedan, a five-door property, plus with substitute both the Mégane Coupe plus Convertible, a modern retractable hardtop coupe crafted by Karmann.

The 3rd generation of Mégane was established inside late 2008 with keep the range competitive with new rivals. It but lacks the distinctive hatchback acquired throughout its 2nd generation.
In September 2008, both the Renault Mégane Berline 5-door hatchback & Mégane Coupé were presented officially. The 2 models feature very a different shape, the Coupé having a especially aggressive plus stylish shape whilst the 5-door model is a bit more traditional. In this generation, no automatic transmission is available, changed with a continuously varying transmission. The Coupé is considered because a shooting brake due with its coupé-like shape.
The stage I variation of Mégane II was popular for security issues, incredibly with all the engine administration program. Renault has today invested more time plus mileage testing the fresh model that is consequently expected with have improved security.
The Mégane III are not yielded inside Latin America, still, the sedan variation Fluence is produced inside Argentina plus available inside addition with the hatchback adaptation. In Argentina, the Megane III is straight imported from Turkey plus available alongside the Renault Fluence, yet the Mégane III RS was imported from France.
The Facelift model was introduced inside early 2012 plus inside the Argentinian marketplace introduced inside 2013. It introduced front LED daylights, a somewhat modified front grille with more chrome plus black inserts, along with a hot alloy wheel collection.

A panel van is a shape of strong van, small than a lorry or truck, without back side windows. In several nationwide usages it really is distinct from a purpose-designed van because it's based found on the chassis of the family automobile shape.
In places where they are distinct from a "van", they have less cargo room yet greater agility plus maneuverability, creating them especially suited for cities with narrow streets and/or thick traffic.


1953 Australian Holden FJ panel van with authentic Royal Mail paint work
Every main European auto maker has a panel van inside their line-up; these models employed with be modified versions of existing passenger vehicles, including the Citroën Visa-based Citroën C15 or the SEAT Ibiza-based SEAT Inca. This formatting was pioneered within the 1950s by the Citroën 2CV Fourgonnette as well as the Morris Minor. But, because the introduction of the Citroën Berlingo inside 1996, it has become widespread for these cars with have a particular styling plus structure, whether or not they could share chassis, powertrain or alternative components with passenger vehicles of the same brand. Examples of the fresh wave of panel vans are the Renault Kangoo, the Fiat Doblò, Opel Combo, Ford Transit Connect or the Volkswagen Caddy. These are typically moreover purpose-designed with be utilitarian base model MPVs / persons carriers, for a range of these cars.
Panel vans are popular inside numerous components of the planet for transporting cargo. Panel vans were equally incredibly prevalent with young vehicle customers inside Australia throughout the 1970s.

Car category is defined with a quantity of different criteria plus goals. But, comprehensive category is evasive, considering a auto or additional car might fit into numerous categories, or not completely meet the needs for any. This post details the popular classifications plus definitions.
Part of the category procedure takes into account the vehicle's body design. They can or could not correlate with a car's cost, size or intended marketplace category. The same automobile model may be obtainable in numerous body designs comprising a model range. Some distinctions, because with four-wheel drive vs. SUV models or minivan vs. MPV models, the distinction between body fashion plus category is especially narrow. While body designs have historic plus technical definitions, inside normal use these definitions are wide plus can be ambiguous.

The Renault Scénic is a compact multi-purpose car yielded by French automaker Renault, the initially with be labelled as a result inside Europe. It is based found on the chassis of the Mégane tiny family automobile. It became 1997 European Car of the Year about its release inside late 1996. The 2nd plus 3rd decades have a model called Grand Scénic, that has 7 seats instead of 5.

The Mégane Scénic is traced back with a concept auto tailored below the guidance of Anne Asensio, then designer at Renault.
The Scénic was mechanically identical with the Mégane hatchback. The 1.4 L, 1.6 L "Energy", 1.8 L "F-type" petrol plus 1.9 L diesel machines were shared with all the hatchback range. The Scénic was advertised because a multi-purpose car, inside a small size lower cost of these cars because Renault's own Espace. Renault underestimated the marketplace need which the Scénic might have—predicting it will be a niche model with just 450 yielded a day. Production at the company's Douai plant might eventually peak at almost 2,500 vehicles a day.

Renault developed a four-wheel drive derivative of the authentic Scénic, the Scénic RX4, established inside 2000 inside both LHD plus RHD structure. Featuring a viscous, multi-disc central differential crafted by Austrian experts Steyr Daimler Puch, it available part-time 4WD. The back suspension was re-engineered as well as the suspension was strengthened. The new back suspension today occupied element of the room that has been employed for the spare wheel effectively plus led with the spare tyre being located found on the back hatch. The RX4 rode high with improved suspension travel plus greater wheels. While these changes offered greater ground clearance, the RX4 was available with 2.0 litre petrol engine plus 1.9 dci diesel engine, both absolutely acknowledged from Mégane. Production of the RX4 ceased inside 2003, till the arrival of the Scénic Conquest inside 2007.

From 2008, Renault entered a quantity of agreements for the planned zero-emissions treatments, including Israel, Portugal, Denmark, the U.S. states of Tennessee plus Oregon, Yokohama inside Japan as well as the Principality of Monaco. Serge Yoccoz is the electrical car project director.
In 2008 Renault-Nissan finalized a deal with mass-produce electrical vehicles for an initiative inside Israel with Better Place, a US organization developing unique non-petroleum based transport infrastructure. Renault aimed with mass marketplace 10,000 with 20,000 vehicles a year inside Israel. Renault might additionally develop exchangeable batteries for the project. Renault moreover collaborated with Better Place with make the network of all-electric cars plus thousands of charging stations inside Denmark, planned with be operational by 2011. The Renault Fluence Z.E., was chosen for the Israel project, being the initially zero-emission car with a switchable power, with trials inside 2010 performed with all the Renault Laguna. Renault ended the partnership inside 2013, following Better Place's bankruptcy, with just 1000 car sales inside Israel plus 240 inside Denmark.
Renault-Nissan as well as the biggest French electrical utility, Electricite de France finalized an agreement to advertise emission-free movement inside France. The partnership planned with pilot projects about power administration plus charging infrastructure. Renault-Nissan moreover finalized works with Ireland's ESB, plus inside Milton Keynes because piece of the UK's Plugged inside Places nationwide project.