The Toyota Corolla is a line of subcompact plus compact vehicles produced by Toyota. Introduced inside 1966, the Corolla managed with become the best-selling auto internationally by 1974 plus has been among the best-selling vehicles inside the planet because then. In 1997, the Corolla became the number one marketing nameplate inside the planet, surpassing the Volkswagen Beetle. Almost 40 million Corollas have been available over eleven decades by mid June 2013. The series has undergone many main redesigns.

The name "corolla" is element of Toyota's naming custom of utilizing names extracted within the Toyota Crown for sedans. The Corolla has constantly been exclusive inside Japan with Toyota Corolla Store places, plus produced inside Japan with a twin, called the Toyota Sprinter till 2000.

Early models were largely rear-wheel drive, whilst later models have been front-wheel drive based. Its conventional competitors have been the Nissan Sunny, introduced the same year because the Corolla inside Japan as well as the later Honda Civic. The Corolla's chassis designation code is "E", because described inside Toyota's chassis plus engine codes.

In Japan, the Corolla has constantly been exclusive with Japanese retail sales chain called Toyota Corolla Store, that was earlier established inside 1961, called Toyota Public Store, marketing the Toyota Publica. A badge designed adaptation called the Sprinter was introduced about the same time because the Corolla inside Japan, plus available at a different Toyota Japan dealership sales channel called inside 1966 Toyota Car Store.

There have equally been many models over time, including the Corolla Ceres hardtop, Corolla Levin plus Sprinter Trueno sports coupés plus hatchbacks, as well as the Corolla FX hatchback, that became the Corolla RunX, when the Sprinter became the Allex, with all the introduction of the ZZE128 Corolla. The RunX plus Allex was changed by the Auris inside 2006. A deluxe variation of the Auris installed with V6 machines was quickly available at Japanese Toyota dealerships Toyota Store plus Toyopet Store places because the Blade, that was discontinued inside 2012.

A compact MPV called the Corolla Verso has additionally been introduced inside European markets. Its Japanese counterpart is the Corolla Spacio, that has been discontinued because of the 10th generation. The Corolla Rumion is furthermore available inside the US-market because the Scion xB.

The Corolla Matrix, better acknowledged only because the Matrix, shares the E120 plus E140 platforms, plus is considered the hatchback/sport wagon counterpart of the North American Corolla sedan, because the European/Australasian Corolla hatchback is not available there. Toyota frequently combines the sales figures of the Corolla sedan plus Matrix. The Pontiac Vibe, that is the General Motors badged variation of the Matrix, equally shares the Corolla platform. The Pontiac Vibe was exported from Fremont, California with the Japanese marketplace where it was available because the Toyota Voltz.

Over years, there were rebadged versions of the Corolla, available by General Motors, including the 1980s' Holden Nova of Australia, as well as the Sprinter-based Chevrolet Nova, Chevrolet Prizm, plus Geo Prizm. The Corolla liftback of Toyota Australia was badged because just the T-18. The five-door liftback was available with all the Corolla Seca name inside Australia as well as the nameplate survived about successive five-door models.

The Daihatsu Charmant was yielded with all the E30 by E70 series.

The Corolla E100 was the seventh generation of vehicles available by Toyota beneath the Corolla nameplate. This generation of Corolla was heavier, heavier, plus visually more aerodynamic than the model it changed, with development chief Dr. Akihiko Saito wanting with develop a 'mini-Lexus', following achievement with which range's flagship. With its 2465 mm wheelbase, the Corolla had moved into the compact size class when occupied by the Corona plus Camry.The Corolla had an equal model Sprinter, with all the Sprinter Trueno being similar with the Corolla Levin.

This model wasn't because effective compared with past series due with a increasing yen as well as the beginning of the collapse of the Japanese asset cost bubble driven recession inside Japan, blunting need.

The standard Corolla model range included the 3-door hatchback Corolla FX, 4-door sedan plus 5-door station wagon models. Additionally returning inside this generation was the two-door coupé Corolla Levin. A 4WD variant of the sedan plus station wagon was furthermore accessible with a 1.6 liter gasoline or 2.0 liter diesel engine.
Toyota Corolla Ceres

The 4-door "pillared hardtop" Corolla Ceres plus Sprinter Marino were introduced inside 1992. They bore no real outdoor resemblance nevertheless feature the chassis plus nearly all of the engine range of the standard Corollas, plus chosen the Levin/Trueno dashboard. Minor face lift changes were introduced inside May 1993 these included a unique grille, a reconfiguration of the back lights plus many pieces of trim plus garnish.
Toyota Corolla Van

The E100 sedan plus hatchbacks introduced inside 1991 lasted till the introduction of the E110 inside May 1995. "Van" plus "Business Wagon" models were basically stripped out wagons with leaf-sprung strong axle back suspensions. Organization Wagons usually had somewhat high equipment degrees than easier vans. Both versions continued with serve the commercial car marketplace perfectly into 2002, outliving the mainstream E110 models inside Japan.

In the Philippines, the Corolla is nicknamed "Big Body". Three variants of the "Big Body" were available, XL plus XE with 1.3 liter carbureted machines, with all the latter enjoying additional qualities like energy steering, alloy wheels, digital clock plus tachometer, as well as the GLi, with a 1.6 liter fuel-injected engine. The top model was available inside both guide plus automatic transmissions. The Corolla "Big Body" was equally the initial 1.6 liter auto with introduce 14-inch alloy wheels with the nation inside 1992. Other pioneer qualities which followed were back seatbelts, front cup holders along with a driver's airbag. ABS followed throughout its later years.
The facelift Great Corolla 1.6 SE-G.
The 1995 Great Corolla 1.6 SE-G with fresh back combination lights.

The Corolla sedan is nicknamed the "Great Corolla" inside Indonesia. Initially the trim degrees were 1.3 SE plus 1.6 SE-G. The small engine model was changed by 1.6 SE inside 1994.

The 1.3 XLi, 1.5 GLi sedan, wagon, plus Levin 1.5 SJ coupé were available inside Hong Kong.

In North America, the Corolla was new for the 1993 model year. It had different headlights, grille, bumpers plus torso garnish for the Base plus DX Sedans. The base model came with all the 1.6 liter 4A-FE engine. The DX, LE plus wagon came with all the 1.8 liter 7A-FE. The 1993 plus 1994 versions of the 7A-FE engine were rated at 86 kW, later versions rated at 78 kW mostly due with variations of the consumption form. Every model has completely independent suspension, front drive brakes plus back drum brakes. The LE has sporty front seats plus was obtainable in the US with A/T just or obtainable in Canada with either A/T or M/T. Minor changes happened for the 1996 model year. Among these changes, the DX received bright red/clear tail lights plus back garnish, plus unique wheel covers. The Base model plus CE Sedan came with restyled gray plastic torso garnish. Sporty Corollas plus 4WD Corollas were no longer imported throughout this generation. Many 1993 Corolla sedans available were moreover yielded inside Japan, due with factory delays. The wagons were yielded at the Takaoka plant inside Japan.

The coupé was dropped for North America, changed by the Paseo.

In late 1992, New Zealand-assembled E100 Corollas were introduced with the New Zealand marketplace. These cars were assembled at Toyota's Thames factory. Trim degrees consisted of 1.3L XL, 1.6L GL, 1.6L GS, plus 1.8L GLX, plus were obtainable in sedan, 5-door hatchback, 5-door liftback, plus 5dr wagon.
1996–1998 Toyota Corolla RV Seca 5-door hatchback
1992 Modified Toyota Corolla AE 100 SE-Limited

During 1994, the E100 Corolla became the initial Toyota model with be built at the hot Altona plant. This model came inside hatchback plus sedan variants. The trim degrees consisted of 1.6L CSi, 1.6L plus 1.8L CSX, 1.8L Conquest, stylish 1.8L RV as well as the top of the range 1.8L Ultima. Special edition models were included inside the model lineup, plus between 1994 plus 1996 Toyota additionally imported the 5-door liftback Sprinter model. In 1999, creation of the E100 Corolla inside Australia was terminated plus Toyota Australia returned with Japanese imports, this time model AE112R.

The Corolla E110 was the eighth generation of vehicles available by Toyota beneath the Corolla nameplate.

Introduced inside May 1995, the eighth generation shared its platform with its predecessor. Due with a recession, Toyota ordered Corolla development chief Takayasu Honda with cut bills, therefore the carry-over technology.

For the general marketplace, the Corolla was available inside Base, XLi, GLi, plus SE-G trim degrees.

This range had different front plus back ends with the Japanese models, though the sides plus inside stayed largely the same. It is recognized by the round headlights plus mesh grille. As a outcome, a sporting model with a six-speed gearbox was available. The European 3 door hatchback is the base for the Corolla World Rally Car.

In Australia the Corolla liftback is known as Seca. Grades for sedan plus Seca are Ascent, Conquest, plus Ultima. All Australian plus New Zealand marketplace E110s had the 1.3 L 4E, the 1.5 L 5A-FE, 1.6 L 4A-FE or 1.8 L 7A-FE petrol motors or the 2.2 L SOHC diesel engine because at 2000. The Seca Sportivo with turbocharged 7A-FE engine was added inside 2001. In 1997, the Corolla Spacio, with its body panels stamped at long-time Toyota supplier Kanto Autoworks, was introduced because a two-box minivan variation plus available because the Corolla Verso, that was officially synonymous with the Avensis inside Europe as well as the Spacio inside New Zealand. The E110 was the last generation of Corolla with have an upmarket Sprinter Carib off-shoot; for Oceania this was based found on the five-door station wagon.

In New Zealand, till late 1998, CKD kits were created from Japan plus assembled inside vegetation placed inside Thames plus Christchurch. Locally yielded components were moreover employed, plus included goods including tyres, seats, trims, plus glass.

In Britain, the models were 1.3 plus 1.6 GS, 1.6 GLS, 1.6 CD plus 2.0D GS.

This generation received a facelift inside 1999, featuring a different nose, as well as the new ZZ series machines with VVT-i changing the aged A series motors, except inside Australia. The same car was utilized because a taxicab inside Singapore, though the North American adaptation was available inside the private auto marketplace.

The modern "facelift" e11 came with its own brand-new set of optional extras The Optional Extras included: Front Foglights, Front 'Sports Grill', Plastic Front Lip, Red&Black Interior, Honeycomb&Silver Dash Dials, OEM 15" Alloy Wheels, Sunroof, Aluminium Pedals, 6 CD Changer plus Sat-Nav built into headunit

The Corolla E120 is the ninth generation of vehicles available by Toyota beneath the Corolla nameplate.

The ninth-generation Corolla initially appeared inside November 2000 with edgier styling along with a longer 2600 mm wheelbase. It is made about a shortened Toyota Vista platform—the Vista being a mid-sized, instead of compact vehicle. From being advertised because a premium compact sedan, with an affordable hatchback, the 9th-generation Corolla was tailored because a 'Global' car with suit different marketplace requirements. This was 1 of Toyota's many flexible plus top models ever yielded.

The Corolla has additionally spawned another multi-purpose car, the Matrix, available inside Canada, Mexico as well as the United States, that forms the basis of the Pontiac Vibe, that was consequently available inside Japan because the Toyota Voltz.

The E120 series was changed by the E140 or E150 series inside late 2006 or early 2007 nevertheless the E120 has been prepared inside China.

The E120 Corolla claimed the What Car? magazine's "Car of the Year" honor for 2002.

In Brazil, the Corolla sedan as well as the Corolla Fielder wagon are built nearby. It is accessible with all the 1.6L 3ZZ-FE engine as well as the 1.8L 1ZZ-FE. The sedan is externally identical with both US plus ASEAN models, nevertheless the Fielder has different styling within the Japanese variation. Starting within the 2008 model, the 1.8L engine has flexible gas technologies. Unlike many alternative flexible gas cars inside Brazilian marketplace, the Corolla Flex has the same force reviews either with ethanol or gasoline.
2001–2004 Toyota Corolla Levin 5-door hatchback
2004–2007 Toyota Corolla Levin 5-door hatchback

The Corolla sedan, wagon plus 5-door hatchback available inside Australia were sourced from Japan, when certain hatchbacks were sourced from South Africa. Trim degrees available were the Ascent, Ascent Sport, Conquest, plus Ultima. The stylish Levin plus significant performance Sportivo was obtainable in hatchback just plus was integrated South Africa when the Levin was generally sourced from Japan. The Sportivo was driven by the 2ZZ-GE engine along with a six-speed guide gearbox, when the alternative models had the 1ZZ-FE. Minor changes inside 2004 included the grille plus substituting the headlights with a "rip drop" sort. The Sportivo was discontinued inside Australia from 2006 due with the prohibitive fees included inside changing the engine with comply with Euro IV emissions. All the alternative models had their engine force plus torque reduced with 93 kW plus 161 Nm from 100 kW plus 171 Nm respectively from October 2005 creation with comply with Euro IV. From May 2006, the Ascent plus Ascent Sport models were upgraded with standard front force windows plus passenger air bag, when the Conquest models had ABS brakes because standard. The equipment updates were not used with the wagon, that ceased creation inside August 2006.

The Corolla E120 has been available inside China because the Corolla EX from the Tianjin FAW Toyota Motor Co. Ltd. It is sometimes known because the 花冠 that is a direct translation of 'Corolla' inside Mandarin Chinese. Only 1 trim level is available with a 5 speed guide or perhaps a 6 speed automatic gearbox behind a 1ZR-FE engine.

Corollas available inside the Middle East plus Northern Africa are created inside Japan.

The Corolla E140 is the tenth generation of vehicles available by Toyota beneath the Corolla nameplate. For the Corolla Hatchback available inside Japan, Europe, Australia plus New Zealand, see Toyota Auris.

The modern Corolla has today grown somewhat longer for the export models 4,540 mm plus wider 1,760 mm compared with the outgoing model. The chassis of the E140 plus E150 are based found on the Toyota MC platform.

The unique Corolla was introduced with the Australian marketplace about May 18, 2007. It is obtainable in both sedan plus hatchback models, with more protection attributes plus high degrees of deluxe. The brand-new 1.8-litre 2ZR-FE Dual VVT-i - with varying valve timing for both consumption plus exhaust camshafts - is the just engine accessible for the Australian model, promising greater gas economy than before, it furthermore regains its 100 kW force output. This figure reduced whenever the older model's 1.8-litre four-cylinder engine dropped with 93 kW of energy plus 161 Nm of torque inside late 2005 to satisfy the 2006 Euro IV emissions needs. A unique 6-speed guide gearbox is standard, with a 4-speed automatic optional, despite speculation of the 5-speed like the new Honda Civic, a robotized 5-speed optional inside the European Auris, or perhaps a CVT obtainable in the Japanese model. A CVT can be a possibility throughout its initial facelift, along with a V6 variation might join the lineup because a TRD model.

All Australian models of Corolla run found on the E150 platform, unlike the North American plus Asian versions. Therefore certain chassis components are not interchangeable.

The unique Corolla is obtainable in 5 trim degrees for the hatch plus 4 for the sedan, with all the Corolla wagon discontinued inside Australia. The Levin ZR plus Ultima level attributes HID xenon headlamps, rainfall sensing wipers, smart entry and commence program plus automatic climate control. Safety equipment degrees has moreover been improved with ABS brakes plus double airbags standard over the range, whilst side, curtain, driver's knee airbag plus stability plus traction control is optional about Ascent plus Levin SX models plus standard about Conquest, Levin ZR plus Ultima models from December 2008 creation. Other changes from December 2008 creation included a revised 6-speed guide transmission over all models except the car just Ultima sedan which has improved gear ratios as well as the adoption of smart entry activation about front passenger plus back door about Levin ZR model. Although the new hatch is badged Auris name inside many globe markets, the Corolla name was retained for the Australian marketplace.

Tested at 9.7 seconds with 100 km/h for the manual model, it happens to be over half a next slower than its predecessor. This really is probably about account of its fat, a significant 1300 kg, that is curiously over the Civic unlike before wherein it was normally lighter. The automatic also offers commonly spaced ratios due with the shortage of the fifth gear, offering sluggish acceleration, not maximizing the engine possible. The Toyota Corolla received a 4 star ANCAP protection rating for resident protection along with a 3 star rating for pedestrian protection.

Like Australia, all models are advertised beneath the Corolla nameplate. The range is synonymous with the Australian range with all the same machines plus drivetrain, nevertheless, models are designated because the base GX plus high spec GLX. What differentiates the New Zealand vary from the rest of the planet is the addition of the Corolla Fielder wagon, that is otherwise just watched inside the Japan marketplace. With station wagons thus favored inside New Zealand, need of the past model was enough with justify it. New Zealand is truly the only export marketplace for the wagon. It is advertised because the Corolla GX Wagon with all the 1NZ-FE engine. While the hatch plus sedan feature the 1.8-litre 2ZR-FE Dual VVT-i, the wagon qualities the Japanese marketplace 1.5-litre, 4-cylinder, 16-valve, DOHC VVT-i engine. It is specified lower than the GX model hatch plus sedan due with the wagon being aimed at the price-conscious fleet marketplace plus is priced accordingly. The hatchback gained 2 diesel motors inside June 2008, with both the 1.4 plus 2.0 D4-D motors joining the area range, albeit just with manual transmissions. The diesel vehicles are European spec models integrated Japan, the 1.4 adaptation having its engine shipped from Europe with be located inside the New Zealand spec vehicles.

Toyota was commonly criticized by the motoring click for marketing the modern Corolla inside Australia plus New Zealand without Electronic Stability Control, that could lower the possibilities of the fatal accident by about 55%. Electronic Stability Control has been accessible about American versions of the Corolla for a number of years. The stability control concern was partially addressed with all the diesel Corollas providing ESC because standard. The face-lift inside 2010 saw the addition of the device about all models bar the Japan spec Wagon.

A constantly varying transmission is a transmission which could change steplessly by an unlimited quantity of powerful gear ratios between maximum plus minimal values. This contrasts with alternative mechanical transmissions that provide a fixed quantity of gear ratios. The flexibility of the CVT enables the input shaft with keep the continual angular velocity over a range of output velocities.

CVT will offer greater gas economy than many other transmissions by permitting the engine with run at its many effective revolutions per minute for a range of car speeds. It may equally be employed with build a kinetic power healing program.

Alternatively it may be selected with maximize the performance of the car by permitting the engine with turn at the RPM where it produces peak energy. This really is usually high than the RPM which achieves peak efficiency. Finally, a CVT refuses to purely need the presence of the clutch, permitting its dismissal. In several cars though, a centrifugal clutch is nevertheless added, nonetheless this really is just with give a "neutral" stance about a motorcycle.

Many tiny tractors for house plus garden utilize have easy rubber belt CVTs. As an example, the John Deere Gator line of little utility cars employ a belt with a conical pulley program. They may deliver an abundance of force plus may reach speeds of 10–15 mph, all without need for a clutch or shifting gears. Nearly all snowmobiles, aged plus hot, plus motorscooters utilize CVTs, usually the rubber belt/variable pulley range.

Many combine harvesters have CVTs. The CVT enables the forward speed of the combine with be modified independently of the engine speed. This enables the operator with slow or accelerate because required to support variations inside width of the crop.

CVTs have been chosen inside aircraft power generating systems because the 1950s plus inside Sports Car Club of America Formula 500 race vehicles because the early 1970s. CVTs were banned from Formula 1 inside 1994 due with concerns which the best-funded groups might dominate when they managed with create a worthwhile F1 CVT. More newly, CVT systems have been developed for go-karts plus have proven with strengthen performance plus engine lifetime expectancy. The Tomcar range of off-road cars additionally uses the CVT program.

Many drill presses plus milling machines contain a pulley-based CVT where the output shaft has a pair of manually adjustable conical pulley halves from that a broad drive belt within the engine loops. The pulley found on the engine, still, is generally fixed inside diameter, or could have a series of given-diameter procedures with permit a selection of speed ranges. A handwheel found on the drill hit, marked with a scale related with the desired machine speed, is installed with a reduction gearing program for the operator with exactly control the width of the gap between your pulley halves. This gap width therefore changes the gearing ratio involving the motor's fixed pulley as well as the output shaft's varying pulley, changing speed of the chuck. A tensioner pulley is implemented inside the belt transmission with take up or release the loose inside the belt because the speed is changed. In many situations the speed need to be changed with all the engine running.

CVTs ought to be recognized from Power Sharing Transmissions, because chosen inside new crossbreed vehicles, like the Toyota Prius, Highlander plus Camry, the Nissan Altima, plus newer-model Ford Escape Hybrid SUVs. CVT technologies utilizes just 1 input from a prime mover, plus delivers varying output speeds plus torque; while PST development utilizes 2 prime mover inputs, plus varies the ratio of their contributions with output speed plus force. These transmissions are fundamentally different. But the Mitsubishi Lancer, Proton Inspira, Honda Insight, Honda Fit, plus Honda CR-Z hybrids, the Nissan Tiida/Versa, Nissan Cube, Juke, Sentra, Altima, Maxima, Rogue, X-Trail, Murano, Sunny, Micra, Honda Capa, Honda Civic HX, Jeep Patriot plus Compass, plus Subaru Impreza, Legacy plus Outback provide CVT.

In this most commonly known CVT program, there are 2 V-belt pulleys which are split perpendicular with their axes of rotation, with a V-belt running between them. The gear ratio is changed by moving the 2 sheaves of 1 pulley closer together as well as the 2 sheaves of the alternative pulley farther aside. Due with the V-shaped cross section of the belt, this causes the belt with ride high about 1 pulley plus lower found on the different. Doing this changes the efficient diameters of the pulleys, which changes the total gear ratio. The distance amongst the pulleys refuses to change, plus neither does the size of the belt, thus changing the gear ratio signifies both pulleys need to be modified simultaneously inside purchase with keep the right amount of tension found on the belt.

The V-belt should be especially stiff inside the pulley's axial way inside purchase with create just brief radial movements whilst sliding inside plus from the pulleys. This is accomplished with a chain plus not by homogeneous rubber. To dive from the pulleys 1 side of the belt should drive. This again is performed just with a chain. Every element of the chain has conical sides, that well fit with the pulley when the belt is running found on the outermost radius. As the belt moves into the pulleys the contact region gets small. The contact region is proportional with the quantity of ingredients, therefore the chain has many rather tiny ingredients. The form of the ingredients is governed by the static of the column. The pulley-radial width of the belt is a compromise between maximum gear ratio plus torque. For the same cause the axis amongst the pulleys is because thin because potential. A movie of lubricant is used with the pulleys. It should be thick enough thus which the pulley as well as the belt not touch plus it need to be thin inside purchase to not waste energy whenever every element dives into the lubrication movie. Additionally, the chain ingredients stabilize regarding 12 steel bands. Every band is thin enough thus it bends conveniently. If bending, it has a best conical surface about its side. In the stack of bands every band corresponds with a somewhat different gear ratio, and therefore they slide over every additional plus need oil between them. Additionally the outer bands slide by the stabilizing chain, when the center band is chosen because the chain linkage.