The Holden Commodore, Berlina, Calais, plus Ute are a series of cars yielded by Holden inside Australia between September 2002 plus August 2004. The VY Commodore, that was the twelfth Holden Commodore series, was the successor with the VX Commodore. A VY Series II was introduced inside August 2003 plus which prepared method for the up-to-date VZ Commodore range inside August 2004.

The VY Commodore was obtainable in many models. These are the Commodore Executive, Acclaim, S, SV8 plus SS as well as the Berlina plus Calais models that were not badged because Commodores. All the models inside the VY range were available because sedans as well as the Executive, Acclaim plus Berlina were equally accessible because wagons. Unusually, the VY equally introduced a limited edition SS wagon featuring the same 235 kW for Series II) V8, bodykit plus sports suspension because the SS sedan. But, it was loaded with 17-inch alloy wheels because opposed with the 18 inch wheels found on the sedan. 500 these wagons were yielded for Series I plus 350 for Series II.

The VY was the last Commodore with employ the 3.8 litre ECOTEC V6 machines.
A station wagon, also known as an property vehicle plus an property, is an automotive body-style variant of the sedan/saloon with its rooftop extended rearward over a shared passenger/cargo amount with access at the back through a 3rd or fifth door, rather of the torso lid. The body fashion changes the standard three-box shape into a two-box shape — with include an A, B, plus C-pillar, and a D-pillar. Station wagons may flexibly reconfigure their inside amount through fold-down back seats with prioritize either passenger or cargo amount.

The American Heritage Dictionary defines a station wagon because "an car with 1 or even more rows of folding or removable seats behind the driver plus no luggage compartment however, an location behind the seats into that suitcases, parcels, etc., is loaded by the tailgate."

Whenever a model range involves numerous body designs, like sedan, hatchback plus station wagon, the models usually share their platform, drivetrain plus bodywork forward of the A-pillar. In 1969, Popular Mechanics mentioned, "Station wagon-style ... follows which of the creation sedan of that it happens to be the counterpart. Many are found on the same wheelbase, provide the same transmission plus engine choices, as well as the same comfort plus efficiency choices."

Station wagons have evolved off their early utilize because specialized cars with carry folks plus luggage with plus from a train station, plus have been advertised internationally.
The front plus back of the body had minor restyling, with new front grille, headlights plus taillights. The interior has been greatly upgraded. Interior upgrade involves a modern instrument panel, centre system plus steering wheel plus unique shape transmission lever plus handbrake. There is equally a unique mobile telephone force outlet beneath the centre system. The hot instrument cluster qualities a big multi-function digital show, that shows info like radio station show, PRND321 gear chosen signal, trip computer with stopwatch function, service reminders along with a aid center.

Standard qualities today include "twilight sentinel" - automatic headlamp control, programmable headlamps off time delay, excellent feature Blaupunkt sound systems, road-speed sensitive intermittent wipers plus passenger airbags.

The VY Series II update added cruise control, front force windows varying front seat lumbar help, plus revised inside trims. A 245 kW V8 was introduced with sports variants along with a sportier repositioning of the Calais model. This repositioning included a subtle body kit, the possibility of the 235 kW V8 inside area of the past 225 kW along with a firmer suspension tune which was less stiff because the FE2 suspension about sports variants.
In American English plus American Spanish, the expression sedan is employed. The engine compartment, at the front, is covered by the hood; the cargo compartment at the back is known as the torso.

In British English, a auto of the configuration is known as a saloon. The engine compartment cover is the bonnet, the cargo-compartment boot is at the back. Hatchback sedans are acknowledged merely because hatchbacks; long-wheelbase deluxe saloons can be called limousines.

The British English expression saloon is occasionally employed by British auto producers inside the United States. For instance, the Rolls-Royce Park Ward was available because a saloon inside the United States, whilst the small Silver Seraph was called a sedan.

In Australia the American expression sedan is selected, albeit with all the British terms boot plus bonnet being retained. In New Zealand the British terms "boot", "bonnet" plus "windscreen" are many popular, nevertheless the American terms are understood by almost all of the population. But, the American terms "sedan" plus "station wagon" are predominantly selected, with "saloon" just acquiring casual use, very inside the field of engine racing. In alternative languages, sedans are recognised as berline, berlina; though these terms furthermore will include hatchbacks. These terms, besides sedan, derive from kinds of horse-drawn carriages. In German, the expression Limousine is utilized for sedans, plus "Stretch-Limousine" for limousines.
Ignition timing, inside a spark ignition internal combustion engine, is the procedure of setting the angle relative with piston position plus crankshaft angular velocity a spark might happen inside the combustion room close to the end of the compression stroke.

The need for advancing the timing of the spark is considering gas refuses to completely burn the instant the spark fires, the combustion gasses take a time period with expand, as well as the angular or rotational speed of the engine may lengthen or reduce the period of time inside that the burning plus expansion must happen. In a vast majority of instances, the angle is described because a certain angle advanced before top dead center. Advancing the spark BTDC signifies which the spark is energized before the point where the combustion room reaches its minimal size, because the cause of the energy stroke inside the engine is with force the combustion room with expand. Sparks occurring following top dead center are counter-productive except there is need for a supplemental or continuing spark before the exhaust stroke.

Setting the correct ignition timing is important inside the performance of a engine. Sparks occurring too shortly or too late inside the engine cycle are usually responsible for excessive vibrations plus even engine damage. The ignition timing affects numerous factors including engine longevity, gas economy, plus engine energy. Modern motors which are controlled inside real time by an engine control device employ a computer with control the timing throughout the engine's RPM plus weight range. Older machines which employ mechanical spark distributors depend about inertia plus manifold vacuum inside purchase with set the ignition timing throughout the engine's RPM plus weight range.

Early vehicles necessary the driver with change timing through controls according with driving conditions, however this might be today automated.

There are numerous factors which influence right ignition timing for a provided engine. These include the timing of the consumption valve or gas injector, the kind of ignition program employed, the sort plus condition of the spark plugs, the contents plus impurities of the gas, gas temperature plus stress, engine speed plus weight, air plus engine temperature, turbo boost stress or consumption air stress, the components employed inside the ignition program, as well as the settings of the ignition program components. Usually, any main engine changes or updates can need the change with the ignition timing settings of the engine.
The fuel/air spark ignition systems of elder, non-computer controlled gasoline internal combustion machines, comprise of the mechanical device, recognised as a distributor, which triggers plus distributes ignition spark with every cylinder relative with piston position—in crankshaft levels relative with top dead center.

Spark timing, relative with piston position, is based about static timing before centrifugal advance. The distributor's centrifugal mechanical spark advancing system enables the spark with happen sooner because RPM heighten. Many of these motors usually employ a vacuum advance which has ignition advance throughout "deceleration" and/or low weight "coast" time independent of the centrifugal advance. The above usually applies with automotive utilize. Marine gasoline motors usually utilize a synonymous program however without vacuum advance.

In 1972, Chrysler introduced the electronic ignition program which changed the mechanical contact breaker. This offered for a stronger ignition spark, and almost eliminating variations inside ignition timing due with wear associated with breaker points.

Actual electronic control of ignition timing was introduced a several years later inside 1975-'76 with all the introduction of Chrysler's computer-controlled "Lean-Burn" electronic spark advance program. By 1979 with all the Bosch Motronic engine administration program, development had advanced with include simultaneous control of both the ignition timing plus gas delivery. These systems shape the basis for contemporary systems.
Commodore Executive
2002–2003 Holden Commodore Executive station wagon.

The Executive is the baseline model of the VY Commodore range. Pricing for the Executive began from A$31,650.

The Executive qualities included:

3.8 L 152 kW ECOTEC V6
5-speed guide transmission
Anti-lock braking system
Brake assist
CD player
Driver's plus passenger's airbags
Independent back suspension
Power antenna
Security system
Trip computer
15 inch steel wheels
Cruise Control
Air conditioning

Commodore Acclaim

The Acclaim is 1 model up within the base model of the VY Commodore range. Pricing for the Acclaim began from A$37,510.

The Acclaim qualities included:

3.8 L 152 kW ECOTEC V6
4-speed automatic transmission
Air conditioning
Anti-lock braking system
Brake assist
CD player
Cruise control
Driver's plus passenger's airbags
Front plus back energy windows
Independent back suspension
Power antenna
Security system
Side impact airbags
Traction control system
Trip computer
15 inch alloy wheels

Commodore S
2002–2003 Holden Commodore S sedan

The S is the cheapest sports variant. Pricing for the S began from A$37,820.

The S attributes included:

3.8 L 152 kW ECOTEC V6 Supercharged V6)
5-speed guide transmission
Air conditioning
Anti-lock braking system
Brake assist
CD player
Cruise control
Driver's plus passenger's airbags
FE2 sports suspension
Front plus back energy windows
Independent back suspension
Power antenna
Security system
Traction control system
Trip computer
16 inch alloy wheels

Commodore SV8

The VY Commodore was the initially not to provide a V8 way found on the Executive model. Buyers today had with select the modern SV8 because the cheapest V8 variant. The SV8 was really an Executive with a V8 engine, back spoiler plus special 17 inch alloy wheels. Pricing for the SV8 began from A$40,490.

The SV8 qualities included:

5.7 L 235 kW V8 High Output V8 inside Series II)
6-speed guide transmission
Air conditioning
Anti-lock braking system
Brake assist
CD player
Driver's plus passenger's airbags
FE2 sports suspension
Limited slip differential
Independent back suspension
Power antenna
Security system
Traction control system
Trip computer
17 inch alloy wheels

Commodore SS
Holden Commodore SS

The SS was the flagship sports model of the VY range. Pricing for the SS began from A$49,490.

The SS attributes included:

5.7 L 235 kW V8 High Output V8 inside Series II)
6-speed guide transmission
Single in-dash CD player
Air conditioning
Anti-lock braking system
Brake assist
Cruise control
Driver's plus passenger's airbags
FE2 sports suspension
Front plus back energy windows
Independent back suspension
Limited slip differential
Power antenna
Security system
Side impact airbags
Traction control system
Trip computer
17 inch alloy wheels

Berlina
Holden Berlina

The Berlina is the semi-luxury variation of the VY range; it sits above the Acclaim plus under the Calais. Pricing for the Berlina begins from A$40,850.

The Berlina qualities included:

3.8 L 152 kW ECOTEC V6 LS1 V8)
4-speed automatic transmission
6-disc in-dash CD player
Anti-lock braking system
Brake assist
Climate control air conditioning
Cruise control
Driver's plus passenger's airbags
Front plus back force windows
Independent back suspension
Power antenna
Security system
Side impact airbags
Traction control system
Trip computer
16 inch alloy wheels

Calais
Colour range
Holden Calais sedan

The Calais is the best of the line deluxe model inside the VY range; it sits above the Berlina plus combines deluxe with performance. Pricing for the Calais begins shape A$48,250.

The Calais qualities included:

3.8 L 171 kW Supercharged ECOTEC V6 ECOTEC V6 or 225 kW LS1 V8 then 235 kW LS1 V8 inside Series II)
4-speed automatic transmission
6-disc in-dash CD player
Anti-lock braking system
Brake assist
Climate control air conditioning
Cruise control
Driver's plus passenger's airbags
Front plus back energy windows
Independent back suspension
Luggage net
Power antenna
Rear park assist
Security system
Side impact airbags
Traction control system
Trip computer
16 inch alloy wheels

Air–fuel ratio is the mass ratio of air with fuel present inside a combustion task like inside an internal combustion engine or commercial furnace. If precisely enough air is offered with completely burn the gas, the ratio is recognised as the stoichiometric mixture, frequently abbreviated with stoic. For precise AFR calculations, the oxygen content of combustion air ought to be specified due to potential dilution by ambient water vapor, or enrichment by oxygen additions. The AFR is an significant measure for anti-pollution plus performance-tuning factors. The lower the AFR, the "richer" the mixture.
Any mixture better than ~15 with 1 is considered a lean mixture; any lower than ~15 with 1 is a Rich mixture – provided best "test" gas. In fact, many fuels comprise of the mixture of heptane, octane, a few of different alkanes, and additives including detergents, plus perhaps oxygenators including MTBE or ethanol/methanol. These compounds all alter the stoichiometric ratio, with nearly all of the additives pushing the ratio downward. Vehicles which employ an oxygen sensor or alternative suggestions loop with control gas with air ratio, pay automatically for this change inside the fuel's stoichiometric rate by measuring the exhaust fuel composition plus controlling gas amount. Vehicles without these controls could have issues running certain gas blends plus could need different jets with pay. Vehicles which utilize oxygen sensors may monitor the air–fuel ratio with an air–fuel ratio meter.
The Holden Adventra is a crossover SUV produced between 2003 with 2004/2005. The Adventra is based found on the VY II Commodore station wagon, nevertheless qualities an all-wheel drive configuration because opposed with a rear-wheel drive running gear. Available inside 2 equipment levels—CX8 plus LX8—with a standardised driveline consisting of the single powertrain combination. That being, a 5.7 litre Generation III V8 engine rated at 235 kilowatts along with a four-speed automatic transmission.

Over the standard Commodore wagon, the Adventra adds a 60/40 split back tailgate, extra gauges. Catalytic converters are utilized inside internal combustion machines fueled by either petrol or diesel—including lean burn machines.

The initially common introduction of catalytic converters was inside the United States car marketplace. Manufacturers of 1975 model year prepared gasoline-powered cars with catalytic converters with comply with all the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's stricter regulation of exhaust emissions. These “two-way” converters combined carbon monoxide with unburned hydrocarbons with provide carbon dioxide plus water. In 1981, two-way catalytic converters were rendered obsolete by “three-way” converters which furthermore lessen oxides of nitrogen; still, two-way converters continue to be employed for lean burn motors.

Although catalytic converters are many commonly used with exhaust systems inside vehicles, they are equally chosen about electric generators, forklifts, mining equipment, pickups, buses, locomotives, motorcycles, plus airplanes. These are typically furthermore utilized about several lumber stoves with control emissions. This really is generally inside reaction with government regulation, either from direct ecological regulation or by wellness plus protection laws.
A V6 engine is a V engine with six cylinders installed found on the crankcase inside 2 banks of 3 cylinders, normally set at either a 60 or 120 levels every additional, for an even firing purchase, or 90 levels, for savings inside construction, considering these configuration enables ; utilizing the same form of creation line because V-8 machines, with all six pistons driving a normal crankshaft. Other included angles have additionally being utilized, like 65 levels by Ferrari, or 80 levels by Honda. It is the 2nd most commonly known engine configuration inside contemporary vehicles following the inline 4.

The V6 is regarded as the many compact engine designs, smaller than the inline-4 plus inside numerous designs narrower than the V8. Owing with its compact size, the V6 lends itself effectively with the popular transverse engine front-wheel drive design. It has become more prevalent because the area enabled for motors inside contemporary vehicles is reduced simultaneously because force needs heighten, plus has mostly changed the straight-six engine, that is too extended to match inside countless contemporary engine compartments. The V6 engine has become commonly adopted for medium-sized vehicles, usually because an optional engine where an inline-4 is standard, or because a base engine where a V8 is a higher-cost performance choice.

Recent forced induction V6 machines have delivered horsepower plus torque output similar with modern heavier displacement, naturally aspirated V8 machines, whilst reducing gas expenditure plus emissions, like the Volkswagen Group's 3.0 TFSI that is supercharged plus straight injected, plus Ford Motor Company's turbocharged plus straight injected EcoBoost V6, both of that have been compared with Volkswagen's four.2 V8 engine.

Modern V6 motors commonly range inside displacement from 2.5 with four.0 L, though heavier plus small examples have been yielded.
The VU Ute range was facelifted inside 2002 with create the VY ute range. VY Utes received the same updates because the sedan/wagon range, that concerned a unique, sharper-designed nose, plus more European-styled interior. The same 3 specification models were carried over for the VY, plus picked up the same upgraded equipment lists because the VY sedans. The VY ute models were not badged because "Commodores".

The VY range marked main change for Holden's Ute range, with all the 2003 addition of 2 unique models: the return of the One Tonner cab-chassis utility following an 18-year hiatus; as well as the introduction of Holden's first-ever 4-door utility, arriving inside the shape of the Crewman. The Crewman brought a longer wheelbase – 3,206 mm compared with the 2,939 mm of the Ute; along with a less tray – 1,463 mm compared with the 2,193 mm of the Ute In December 2003, Holden introduced an all-wheel drive variant of the Crewman termed as the Crewman Cross 8. Powered with a 225 kW V8 engine, the Cross 8 showcased a modified appearance, more suited with an off-road car.

Both the Crewman plus One Tonner models added instant sales with the Holden range, sparking fast expansion of the Holden Ute range, its initial main development spurt because its 1990 re-introduction. When again the same 3 requirements were carried over for the VY, with all the Ute range obtainable in base Ute, S & SS types. The same didn't make an application for the One-Tonner cab-chassis range though – it was obtainable in only 2 model types, base plus S.

Base: Based about Commodore Executive specification. Available with 3.8-litre 152 kW Ecotec V6
S : Based about Commodore S specification. Available with 3.8-litre 152 kW Ecotec V6 – 4sp car, 5sp manual
SS: Based about Commodore SS specification. 5.7-litre 235 kW Generation 3 V8 – 6sp manual or 4sp auto

Crewman models were found on the additional hand accessible with all the same 3 requirements because the Ute range, plus were introduced conjointly with all the rest of Holden's VY Series 2 range, the main update this time being the addition of 10 kW with the Gen.3 V8. By December 2003 the Crewman range had extended with include Holden's first AWD utility inside the shape of the Crewman Cross 8. The Cross 8 received bolstered wheelarches, raised ride height and also extra equipment, with all the sole drivetrain being the lately upgraded Gen.3 V8 associated with a 4-speed automatic. V6-powered versions of the One Tonner & Crewman were just accessible with automatic transmission. The VY's were superseded by the arrival of the VZ range inside August 2004
The HSV Avalanche is an all-wheel drive crossover SUV that has been produced by Holden Special Vehicles between 2003 plus 2005. Based found on the Holden Adventra LX8 crossover wagon, the Avalanche range moreover included the dual-cab utility model well-known as the HSV Avalanche XUV. The XUV produced within the Holden Crewman Cross8.
Avalanche XUV utility
Avalanche XUV utility

Both HSV cars were integrated 2 series, the 2003 "Y Series II" plus an up-to-date variation of the "Y Series II", that included a few of the updates found inside the new "Z Series" HSV models. These later models are very uncommon, with a build existence of 9 months from April 2005 with December 2005.

As with all the connected Holden VY all-wheel drive cars, the HSV Y Series AWD cars because built from September 2004 with March 2005 confusingly have Z Series conformity plus Car Identification Numbers; this correlates with the building of new specification Holden VZ plus Z Series HSV non-AWD vehicles throughout this period.

The up-to-date Avalanches with a few of the Z Series updates is externally visually differentiated within the Y Series versions by their re-profiled front bumper device which looks less aggressive plus that attributes a more integrated appearance with the auxiliary driving lights.

The Avalanche cars were fitted only with all the 5.7 litre LS1 V8 engine rated at 270 kilowatts of energy plus 475 newton metres of torque, mated with a four-speed 4L65-E automatic gearbox. Permanent all-wheel drive was calibrated with deliver 62 % of the force with the back wheels, therefore retaining a back wheel drive feel with the handling of these cars.

Along with Holden's V8 Commodore-based AWD cars, the HSV Avalanche series was discontinued inside late 2005 due with phasing from the 5.7 litre LS1 motors due to the Euro III emissions laws.
After the slight change with the HSV series naming system, the Y Series Senators, based found on the VY Commodore debuted inside 2003. The Y-series naming way caused confusion with many individuals nonetheless phoning it the VY. Featuring a lot more angular plus aggressive styling, the Y series available both an entry-level grand tourer Senator plus excellent deluxe Senator Signature models. Both came standard with a revised Luxury suspension tune, back parking sensors plus 260 kW LS1 engine. Additionally with the attributes found found on the Senator, the Senator Signature came with bigger 19 inch alloy wheelsch wheels), different seats plus bigger front brakes. The Y Series II update upgraded force with 285 kW.

Many of the attributes that have been introduced found on the Y-series Senator include oil plus power gauges found on the centre stack, shale leather trim inside trim in addition to white support for the instruments. A leather steering wheel was put into enhance grasp plus feel whenever turning plus more memory choices for the front electric seats with cater with different consumers. HSV redesigned the front seats due to complaints within the buyers they were too uncomfortable.

Standard qualities include a CD stacker, force mirrors plus windows, cruise control, climate control, engine immobilizer plus remote central locking. A back DVD player plus head phones were added. Front plus side airbags were standard over the entire range. Two additional protection attributes were added: an electrical tyre stress monitoring program plus High Intensity Discharge driving lights. When again the totally independent multi-link back suspension is standard found on the Senator. GPS or Satellite navigation as well as the sunroof are not standard with this model however are accessible at additional expense.

The engine is a 5.7 litre LS1 V8 pushing out 260 kW at 5600 rpm plus 475 N·m of torque. New badging showcased found on the Senator read "260" reflecting the improved force output. The brake plus a few of the engine cooling vents placed found on the front bumper are somewhat hidden with keep its deluxe perfectly present when watching the car. Mesh cloth is situated at the front air dams. Many of the side skirts front plus back air dams as well as the lower components of the outdoor mirrors are colored inside a satin finish gray. The rest is completed inside the body color. The distinguished "Senator" name plates are showcased found on the side skirts, back at the bottom of the back doorways.

Many of the inside changes include alloy pedals, new colors, a re-designed four-spoke steering wheel with remote sound controls, white finish instrument dials plus minor gauges today inside their own devoted binnacle inside the centre of the dash. The multi-function read-out has been re-programmed with show the HSV logo as well as the car build amount plus identification throughout start-up. Automatic climate control along with a Blaupunkt 6-disc CD stacker are standard plus 8 speakers. Carbon-fibre trim is found throughout the cabin in addition to light shale leather trim. The beginning cost for the Senator at the time was $74000.